Total Knee Replacement

• Procedure: An incision is made over the knee, and the damaged joint surfaces are removed. The femur and tibia are then shaped to fit artificial components, which are secured in place.
• Indications: Severe osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or knee injury leading to chronic pain and loss of function.
• Recovery: Includes physical therapy to regain strength and mobility; most patients can return to daily activities within a few months.

Hip Replacement Surgery

• Procedure: An incision is made on the side or front of the hip, the damaged joint is removed, and a prosthetic hip joint is implanted.
• Indications: Severe arthritis, hip fractures, or avascular necrosis that causes pain and limited movement.
• Recovery: Involves rehabilitation to restore range of motion and strength; patients may begin walking with assistance within a day or two.

Spinal Fusion Surgery

• Procedure: An incision is made in the back, and the surgeon removes the problematic disc or bone. Bone grafts are placed between the vertebrae to promote fusion.
• Indications: Degenerative disc disease, spinal instability, or herniated discs causing chronic pain.
• Recovery: Physical therapy is essential to strengthen the back; full recovery can take several months.

Brain Tumor Surgery

• Procedure: A craniotomy is performed to access the brain, where the tumor is removed. Techniques like neuronavigation may be used for precision.
• Indications: Presence of a brain tumor, either benign or malignant, causing symptoms like headaches, seizures, or neurological deficits.
• Recovery: Monitoring in the ICU post-surgery; rehabilitation may include physical, occupational, and speech therapy.

Angioplasty

• Procedure: A catheter with a balloon is inserted into the blocked artery, and the balloon is inflated to widen the artery. A stent may be placed to keep it open.
• Indications: Coronary artery disease causing chest pain (angina) or risk of heart attack.
• Recovery: Patients are typically observed for a few hours; many can return to normal activities within a week.

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)

• Procedure: Surgeons take a blood vessel from another part of the body and use it to bypass blocked coronary arteries, improving blood flow to the heart.
• Indications: Severe coronary artery disease causing angina or high risk of heart attacks.
• Recovery: Hospital stay is usually several days, followed by a structured cardiac rehabilitation program.

Prostatectomy

• Procedure: The prostate gland is removed via an open surgery, laparoscopic approach, or robotic-assisted surgery, depending on the situation.
• Indications: Prostate cancer or severe benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) causing urinary obstruction.
• Recovery: Monitoring for complications such as urinary incontinence; many patients require some time for recovery and may need hormone therapy.

Kidney Stone Removal

• Procedure: Techniques like ureteroscopy (removing stones with a scope) or shock wave lithotripsy (breaking stones with sound waves) are used based on the stone’s size and location.
• Indications: Painful kidney stones causing blockage, infection, or severe discomfort.
• Recovery: Recovery varies; patients may pass small fragments of stones after treatment but generally return to normal activities within a few days.

Thyroidectomy

• Procedure: The surgeon removes all or part of the thyroid gland through an incision in the neck.
• Indications: Thyroid cancer, large goiters, or hyperthyroidism unresponsive to other treatments.
• Recovery: Monitoring for complications like changes in hormone levels and voice function; many patients may require lifelong thyroid hormone replacement.